PENGGUNAAN ALMANAK NAUTIKA

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu <o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pembagian waktu<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1. Waktu Bintang (<i>siderial time</i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2. Waktu matahari (<i>solar time </i>)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu menengah setempat (LMT)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu menengah Greenwich (GMT)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">WAktu tolok (standar time)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-list: l1 level6 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu mintakad (zone time)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id="_x0000_t75" coordsize="21600,21600" o:spt="75" o:preferrelative="t" path="m@4@5l@4@11@9@11@9@5xe" filled="f" stroked="f"> <v:stroke joinstyle="miter"/> <v:formulas> <v:f eqn="if lineDrawn pixelLineWidth 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 1 0"/> <v:f eqn="sum 0 0 @1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @2 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="prod @3 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @0 0 1"/> <v:f eqn="prod @6 1 2"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelWidth"/> <v:f eqn="sum @8 21600 0"/> <v:f eqn="prod @7 21600 pixelHeight"/> <v:f eqn="sum @10 21600 0"/> </v:formulas> <v:path o:extrusionok="f" gradientshapeok="t" o:connecttype="rect"/> <o:lock v:ext="edit" aspectratio="t"/></v:shapetype><v:shape id="_x0000_s1030" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:300pt; height:324pt;mso-position-horizontal-relative:char; mso-position-vertical-relative:line'> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ZOELL\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" o:title="HITUNG PELAYARAN27" cropbottom="24663f" cropleft="5896f" cropright="8259f"/> <w:wrap type="none"/> <w:anchorlock/></v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnhn7h0z21WHODHKC1bU3JKvRbDCX1X4rFB_PsEgHCOoUPJfmTUxSAHXBI69dY0P7MeRPGB4AygWB05dBj48cd4YQcbSgXWtz9cy9IWMojUtYJ7o3n9x5YLs-V1CMuhgvoGJaygjXInqk-/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnhn7h0z21WHODHKC1bU3JKvRbDCX1X4rFB_PsEgHCOoUPJfmTUxSAHXBI69dY0P7MeRPGB4AygWB05dBj48cd4YQcbSgXWtz9cy9IWMojUtYJ7o3n9x5YLs-V1CMuhgvoGJaygjXInqk-/s400/Untitled-1.jpg" width="380" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar. Pembagian waktu</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu Menengah Setempat (LMT)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Adalah waktu menengah yang menjadi dasar untuk suatu tempat, jika SJB(sudut jam barat) setempat (LHA) dihitung ke arah barat, mulai dari derajah tempat tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">           </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                        </span>LMT = </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EL;">Θ</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> m LHA ± 12 jam<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Waktu Menengah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">Greenwich</st1:place></st1:city>(GMT)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -90.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Adalah waktu menengah setempat pada derajah <st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">greenwich</st1:place></st1:city>.<br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">GMT = </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EL;">Θ</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> m GHA + 12 jam.<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJce2oPXbCw_DJgtB8xSc1zTf6Uj_09fX9l62GGFePKMKMTb5FbvVDzJNGRjnoJUdnnc0SHLzE-YxykFxa-M3XW7wqBlNQhJKz-DuLBfL5VZojQEoSCCiWFT5_BDVg3zLKo5N_-7Awg1ES/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJce2oPXbCw_DJgtB8xSc1zTf6Uj_09fX9l62GGFePKMKMTb5FbvVDzJNGRjnoJUdnnc0SHLzE-YxykFxa-M3XW7wqBlNQhJKz-DuLBfL5VZojQEoSCCiWFT5_BDVg3zLKo5N_-7Awg1ES/s400/Untitled-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar. Waktu Green Wich</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -90.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Waktu Tolok (ST)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adalah waktu menengah yang berlaku bagi suatu wilayah negara.<br /><br /><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">WIB<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>= GMT + 7 JAM<br />WITA= GMT + 8 JAM<br />WIT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>= GMT + 9 JAM<o:p></o:p></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Waktu Mintakad (ZT)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adalah waktu menengah pada derajah pertengahan Zone yang bersangkutan.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:390.55pt;height:187.65pt;mso-position-horizontal-relative:char; mso-position-vertical-relative:line'> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ZOELL\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg" o:title="HITUNG PELAYARAN30" croptop="21845f"/> <w:wrap type="none"/> <w:anchorlock/></v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgszgiBsPI89Y8-qKOAie4BngYI4X0z4yViOaRotpuQYJkUGTXwjdZMukzT7dcBqQ09TWxsfM_VIIMFBeaL18MBEgLf92VYe2bP5_hzji2LfxJzGokRTT_-gBsRR5gwjbPlwTiNxwy3vvhX/s1600/Untitled-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="192" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgszgiBsPI89Y8-qKOAie4BngYI4X0z4yViOaRotpuQYJkUGTXwjdZMukzT7dcBqQ09TWxsfM_VIIMFBeaL18MBEgLf92VYe2bP5_hzji2LfxJzGokRTT_-gBsRR5gwjbPlwTiNxwy3vvhX/s400/Untitled-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">   </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diagram ZT<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Ss4qWOYFPlHPf4sILK7YLs4ckNo5oDOUG6YPd8_Jj4gyLhVTur4nwberPPQrkGVnYWFFABDJqRn3_YtiBbl3JGyrDU49l6W0WWjr0OC_-q9JJEOfZ8zcO-ZQh5SxVCJJVEv6ZsmQ5ZOv/s1600/Untitled-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="198" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEi3Ss4qWOYFPlHPf4sILK7YLs4ckNo5oDOUG6YPd8_Jj4gyLhVTur4nwberPPQrkGVnYWFFABDJqRn3_YtiBbl3JGyrDU49l6W0WWjr0OC_-q9JJEOfZ8zcO-ZQh5SxVCJJVEv6ZsmQ5ZOv/s400/Untitled-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar. Diagram Zone Time</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b><br /></b></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Batas Tanggal Internasional (Internasional Date Line)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Untuk tiap 15° <br />T</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">erletak disebelah <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">TIMUR</span></u>dari Greenwich, LMT 1 jam > <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SIANG</span></u>dari gmt<br /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">    </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">               </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">BARAT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">        </span></span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                        </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                   </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">PAGI<br /><br />Untuk tempat-tempat<br />P</span>ada bujur <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">180°T </span></u>mempunyai LMT 12 jam > <u><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">SIANG</span> </u>dari GMT<br /><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">        </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">180°B<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">                                    </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">         </span>PAGI<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><o:p></o:p></span></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhaqiqJrVn5xADn0MVBu9i8pImXUwTlr1AkomOwa36Znr8WWWJ_sANWklSGVK4LYqi96wRiUHwogeUnuHYuOgs8ZybsCAFxl0zQENf-4Gc6XU4AAaPFZ4RY5sF-qXinhhmboONxxWC7sxI/s1600/Untitled-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhhaqiqJrVn5xADn0MVBu9i8pImXUwTlr1AkomOwa36Znr8WWWJ_sANWklSGVK4LYqi96wRiUHwogeUnuHYuOgs8ZybsCAFxl0zQENf-4Gc6XU4AAaPFZ4RY5sF-qXinhhmboONxxWC7sxI/s400/Untitled-5.jpg" width="308" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small;">Gambar. Batas Tanggal Internasioanl</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jika berlayar ke arah TIMUR, melewati BTI yakni :<br />- Ketika beralih <u>BT</u> ke <u>BB</u>, maka tanggal dikapal <u>dikurangi</u><br /><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                  </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">      </span>BB<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>BT<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                        </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">                 </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ditambah<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1031" type="#_x0000_t75" style='position:absolute;left:0;text-align:left; margin-left:54.1pt;margin-top:40.8pt;width:234pt;height:125.9pt;z-index:-1'> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ZOELL\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image011.jpg" o:title="HITUNG PELAYARAN35" croptop="33882f" cropbottom="12037f" cropleft="4012f" cropright="6687f"/></v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><span style="height: 168px; left: 0px; margin-left: 72px; margin-top: 54px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 312px; z-index: -1;"><img height="168" src="file:///D:/DOCUME~1/ZOELL/LOCALS~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image012.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_s1031" width="312" /></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Misalnya sebuah kapal bertolak pada siang hari tgl 2 mei dari A di BT untuk tiba di B di BB, pada siang hari berikutnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgumOCoqvYbDmwx_SDJTxmp59jszTbgJ3Hjgo-jzjnN94tDrJGMgdag2eeYYLLlTkadKpjhyphenhyphenLM-_5L0oZsImFKm7m8tPCFHD3QkYo93W2uyEcOUOhA_Ut978C-i8iCLL1ZouQrUycnFL8ox/s1600/Untitled-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="240" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgumOCoqvYbDmwx_SDJTxmp59jszTbgJ3Hjgo-jzjnN94tDrJGMgdag2eeYYLLlTkadKpjhyphenhyphenLM-_5L0oZsImFKm7m8tPCFHD3QkYo93W2uyEcOUOhA_Ut978C-i8iCLL1ZouQrUycnFL8ox/s400/Untitled-6.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 54.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><o:p> </o:p></span><span class="Apple-style-span" style="line-height: 24px;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Dalam buku harian kapal: sebagai tgl tolak dari A, dicatat 3 mei. </span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Satu hari kemudian, di B, maka kita harus mencatat sebagai tgl tiba 3 mei.</span></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jadi tanggal 3 mei dicatat 2 kali.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Universal Time (UT)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adalah waktu matahari menengah terhadap derajah greenwich.<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /><!--[if !supportLineBreakNewLine]--><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" /><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">GMT = 12 jam + GHA </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EL;">Θ</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"> menengah</span></b><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 40.6pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -13.4pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pengukur Waktu (Chronometer)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Maksud dan tujuan : Digunakan untuk menentukan GMT, penunjukan pengukuran waktu (ppw) pada umumnya tidak sama dengan dengan GMT sebenarnya.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Definisi :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Duduk <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">     </span>= selisih antara ppw dan GMT<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lalu<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">          </span>= jumlah waktu perubahan dalam duduk, selama jangka waktu <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                  </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>tertentu, yang tidak sama denga sat hari (24 jam)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Langkah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">  </span>= jumlah waktu perubahan dalam duduk selama 1 hari.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">GMT = ppw + ddk<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 58.8pt; text-indent: -1.1pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Contoh soal 1:<br />Isyarat waktu radio (<st1:city w:st="on"><st1:place w:st="on">jakarta</st1:place></st1:city>) diberikan pada tiap pukul 08.00 WIB<br />Tanggal 10 mei <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>: isyarat dititik pada ppw = 01-35-20<br />Tanggal 13 mei <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>: isyarat dititik pada ppw = 01-35-26<br /><br />Hitunglah<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">           </span>a) kedua duduk pada saat-saat tersebut dan <o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>langkahnya<br />b) duduk pada 07 GMT, 14 mei<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 59.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jawab: <br />10 mei :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>WIB<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">    </span>= 08-00-00<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">     </span>13 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">       </span>mei :<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>WIB<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>= 08-00-00<br /><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">    </span>∆ tolok<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span><u>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>-7-00-00+</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">   </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">           </span>∆ tolok <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">           </span><u>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>-7-00-00+<br /></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">    </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>GMT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">    </span>= 01-00-00<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">                             </span>GMT<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">    </span>= 01-00-00<br /><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">    </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>ppw<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">     </span><u>= 01-35-20 -</u><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">               </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">           </span>ppw<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">     </span><u>= <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">       </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>01-35-26 –<br /></u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">      </span>Ddk 1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>(-) 0-35-20<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">                              </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>ddk 2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">  </span>(-) 0-35-26<br /><span style="mso-tab-count: 6;">                                                                </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>ddk 1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">  </span><u>(-) 0-35-20-<br /></u><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;">                                        </span>lalu dalam 3 hari <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                 </span>=(-)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">        </span>6’<br /><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;">                                        </span>langkah 1/3 x (-) 6<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                </span>=(-)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">        </span>2’<br /><br />b) Ddk 1 GMT, 13 mei<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">              </span>=(-)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>0-35-26<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">  </span><br /><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>Lalu 1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>6/24 hari x (-) 2’<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">       </span><u>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>(-)02,5+<br /></u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>jadi ddk 07 GMT, 14 mei<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">     </span>= (-) 0-35-28,5<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Contoh 2<br />Pada tanggal 20 januari 19xx dibujur duga 154°30B, kira-kira pukul 20-10 ZT diadakan pengamatan * pada ppw = 07-20-26<br />duduk pada 19 GMT, 17 januari = (+) 0-11-28<br />langkah harian <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">  </span>= (+) 3,0 sekon<br />Hitunglah : GMT dan tanggal ketika pengamatan tersebut<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jawab :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">ZT di kapal<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                      </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>20 -10<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">                                 </span>( 20 januari )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Zd<span style="mso-tab-count: 4;">                                     </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span><u>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>+<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">   </span>10<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>+<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">GMT duga<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                       </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>06-10 <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                  </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>( 21 januari )<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ppw<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">                                  </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">     </span>07-20-26<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ddk 10 GMT, 17 Januari<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">           </span>= <u>(+) 0-11-18<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>GMT mendekati<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                    </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>07-31-44<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">              </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>(21 januari)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>lalu 3<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>12/24 hari x (+) 3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>=<u><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">        </span>(+) 10,5<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>+<o:p></o:p></u></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>GMT<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;">                            </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">            </span>=<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">    </span>07-31-54,5<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;">                       </span>(21 januari)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sumber:</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENULIS <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>: MULDAN MARTIN, A.Pi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">EDITOR <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">        </span>: IRWAN KURNIAWAN, S.St.Pi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br /></div>

PENGGUNAAN ALMANAK NAUTIKA

a.  Waktu Pembagian waktu1. Waktu Bintang (siderial time)2. Waktu matahari (solar time )a.  Waktu menengah setempat (LMT)b.  Waktu menengah Greenwich (GMT)c.  WAktu tolok (standar time)d.  Waktu minta…

Read more »

ASTRONOMI- PARALAK/ BENDA PENGLIHATAN

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Definisi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">PARALAK/ BENDA PENGLIHATAN Adalah perbedaan arah, dalam mana benda yang sama terlihat dari dua titik yang berlainan. Beda arah ini adalah sama dengan sudut dalam mana kita pada benda itu melihat dua titik tersebut.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Paralak Datar (Po)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adalah sudut yang menggambarkan jari-jari bumi di tempat sipenelik, jika terlihat benda angkasa, yang sedang berada di cakrawala setempat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCkE7tBojfjVcedpNau2w8Ln1kPb-l9uoA-WMMvc-d6kPQ4xwl1apWrRNBJR9YtXO1GB8V8ItqwKEIftXphCPZkhkBal9C-MOH8OUH0RtthxQ-FxGeD9Rdo6Zy_Wtj8WeSCXYktwD8ciz/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="221" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjrCkE7tBojfjVcedpNau2w8Ln1kPb-l9uoA-WMMvc-d6kPQ4xwl1apWrRNBJR9YtXO1GB8V8ItqwKEIftXphCPZkhkBal9C-MOH8OUH0RtthxQ-FxGeD9Rdo6Zy_Wtj8WeSCXYktwD8ciz/s400/Untitled-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar. Paralak datar</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Nilai Po tergantung pada :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 72.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jarak benda angkasa - titik pusat bumi<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l3 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 72.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NL; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Jari-jari di bumi tempat sipenilik (lintang); Po dan jarak berbanding terbalik satu sama lain.</span><span lang="NL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NL;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Paralak datar khatulistiwa (Po kat)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Adalah nilai Po bagi si penilik, dikhatulistiwa karena jari-jari kat > jari-jari lainnya, maka Po kat > Po.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Paralak Datar Benda Angkasa<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 73.1pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Paralak datar matahari (</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EL;">Θ</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> Po)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 73.1pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="NO-BOK" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: NO-BOK;">Paralak datar bintang-bintang (* Po)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 73.1pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Paralak datar bulan (</span><span lang="RU" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: RU;">с</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> Po)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 73.1pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 73.1pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Paralak datar planet (</span><span lang="EL" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: EL;">Θ</span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;"> Po)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Paralak Dalam Tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Adalah sudut yang menggambarkan jari-jari bumi di tempat Si Penilik jika terlihat dari benda angkasa yang berada di atas cakrawala setempat.<o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuhwX0rHtAbHwOY9tV2rX-p2w9-IWJB0oryEO0iv3fzZ0JSoap3qQ2UGMu1doIgDQfMSram3XpgdF03WnoYOCXFSePOmUlWKOgVgYZ-OocTmGoDpUIRrd5F3ewy_3Z3r-y5yBdrIw14NM/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="331" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjNuhwX0rHtAbHwOY9tV2rX-p2w9-IWJB0oryEO0iv3fzZ0JSoap3qQ2UGMu1doIgDQfMSram3XpgdF03WnoYOCXFSePOmUlWKOgVgYZ-OocTmGoDpUIRrd5F3ewy_3Z3r-y5yBdrIw14NM/s400/Untitled-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar.. Paralak dalam tinggi</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI;">Nilai-nilai batas ½ m<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Adalah sudut antara garis titik pusat bumi </span><span style="font-family: Wingdings; mso-ascii-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-family: Arial; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-char-type: symbol; mso-hansi-font-family: Arial; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-char-type: symbol; mso-symbol-font-family: Wingdings;">à</span></span><span lang="FI" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: FI; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> titik pusat benda angkasa dan garis singung dari titik pusat bumi pada benda angkasa itu.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">½ m benda angkasa tergantung dari pada :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 72.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">besarnya benda angkasa<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 72.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">jarak benda angkasa</span><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhboGeBcD9EcH0rEwDim9M4PFzdAZHC6u4OFdHgGI2edV6Iri9dUED6TnewDORZmPnZ2Zp42ExKX8kzV4jhabb_Ooi4bbtMZMhx00-IiMX7dey9S-ioamAKmcNZuin06SNjsid-iQ49aCxz/s1600/Untitled-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="317" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhboGeBcD9EcH0rEwDim9M4PFzdAZHC6u4OFdHgGI2edV6Iri9dUED6TnewDORZmPnZ2Zp42ExKX8kzV4jhabb_Ooi4bbtMZMhx00-IiMX7dey9S-ioamAKmcNZuin06SNjsid-iQ49aCxz/s400/Untitled-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar.. Nilai-nilai batas ½ m</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.1pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ikhtisar perbaikan-perbaikan tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3avD0TowJLKSYyM1HQAIQyKPGmAiMDk5sVINmIklR2uFoxIZkTMz8qW04bYaZWAyS32O4FccTI6I_V2Naw7RdUY7XGLSfXC-N4Oz8nxpxOMuCO9l9gJr8-F5_Wd23gjiwdcgNMFi0GAb/s1600/Untitled-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="187" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgA3avD0TowJLKSYyM1HQAIQyKPGmAiMDk5sVINmIklR2uFoxIZkTMz8qW04bYaZWAyS32O4FccTI6I_V2Naw7RdUY7XGLSfXC-N4Oz8nxpxOMuCO9l9gJr8-F5_Wd23gjiwdcgNMFi0GAb/s400/Untitled-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.1pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1028" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:379pt;height:185.7pt;mso-position-horizontal-relative:char; mso-position-vertical-relative:line'> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ZOELL\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image007.jpg" o:title="HITUNG PELAYARAN19" croptop="3121f" cropbottom="40570f" cropleft="5851f" cropright="5851f"/> <w:wrap type="none"/> <w:anchorlock/></v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">h.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Diagram perbaikan tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaWi-OjODpoP9YHISJr4MN03DiHQlsfP_P7m8HEFx21gAEoNleSSeVzD54AbbvQ3EqdDj4tBKsS_7v-fY4LO46r5gL92g62aR14yCJA4blrRjWABcDV4pqE0o7tBRzxW1bEu_sjBpK4ASs/s1600/Untitled-5.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="325" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaWi-OjODpoP9YHISJr4MN03DiHQlsfP_P7m8HEFx21gAEoNleSSeVzD54AbbvQ3EqdDj4tBKsS_7v-fY4LO46r5gL92g62aR14yCJA4blrRjWABcDV4pqE0o7tBRzxW1bEu_sjBpK4ASs/s400/Untitled-5.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar. . diagram perbaikan tinggi</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.1pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.1pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">i.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Gabungan semua perbaikan tinggi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkZg6XhsVoOQOmExKv6l0LDHf8-eSGrf0Vy7Lq0qwJEQtvP2wO7azvw6Ah39Anube6uvhZTBP7wBiSjPiecWBpPwp-iOubb6AWOzPEjX41AS0sxMbsAMqebDh4tXjZk_et6C2yewxfvcw/s1600/Untitled-6.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUkZg6XhsVoOQOmExKv6l0LDHf8-eSGrf0Vy7Lq0qwJEQtvP2wO7azvw6Ah39Anube6uvhZTBP7wBiSjPiecWBpPwp-iOubb6AWOzPEjX41AS0sxMbsAMqebDh4tXjZk_et6C2yewxfvcw/s400/Untitled-6.jpg" width="377" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar. Skema perbaikan tinggi</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt list 56.0pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -106.9pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><br /></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.1pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:328pt;height:348.65pt;mso-position-horizontal-relative:char; mso-position-vertical-relative:line'> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ZOELL\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" o:title="HITUNG PELAYARAN20" croptop="12483f" cropleft="4681f" cropright="2341f"/> <w:wrap type="none"/> <w:anchorlock/></v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 37.1pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt 36.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p> Sumber:</o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 57.7pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENULIS <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>: MULDAN MARTIN, A.Pi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">EDITOR <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">        </span>: IRWAN KURNIAWAN, S.St.Pi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><br /></div>

ASTRONOMI- PARALAK/ BENDA PENGLIHATAN

a.     DefinisiPARALAK/ BENDA PENGLIHATAN Adalah perbedaan arah, dalam mana benda yang sama terlihat dari dua titik yang berlainan. Beda arah ini adalah sama dengan sudut dalam mana kita pada benda it…

Read more »

ASTRONOMI- LENGKUNG SINAR

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt list 42.6pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Bias atau Refraksi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Ini adalah perubahan arah yang dialami oleh sinar cahaya yang berpindah ke udara yang kepekatan optiknya lebih besar ataupun lebih kecil. Hukum – <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hukum bias dari snellius :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sinar datang, sinar yang dibiaskan dan normal boidang pemisah, terletak dalam saru bidang datar.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 2.0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">  </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Sinar sudut datang (a) dibagi oleh sinus sudut bias (b) untuk dua zat perantara yang sama, merupakan suatu bilangan tetap, jadi sin a/b = n, n disebut indeks bias.<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 44.1pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Pada perpindahan sinar cahaya dari zat yang optik kurang pekat ke zat yang optik lebih pekat, ia membias ke arah normal; n > 1.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">  </span>Didalam ruang hampa udara atau dalam zat perantara yang homogen, sinar cahaya merambat menurut garis lurus.<o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMyOAbXIfuDLIHp2NkbvYV5YeWJ5q2Rhmij1zeheHhP4fjrAKu1oZamWqx6i7iQxYywHgcn5V1A0CUIERR1YORGlx7XHdhPh0NlFBrXqs6PeaqkoGiIN1f9OqRMPFhOpWklJqRw7L1BHfH/s1600/Untitled-2.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="121" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgMyOAbXIfuDLIHp2NkbvYV5YeWJ5q2Rhmij1zeheHhP4fjrAKu1oZamWqx6i7iQxYywHgcn5V1A0CUIERR1YORGlx7XHdhPh0NlFBrXqs6PeaqkoGiIN1f9OqRMPFhOpWklJqRw7L1BHfH/s400/Untitled-2.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar.. Refraksi cahaya</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 44.1pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt list 42.6pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">    </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lengkung Sinar Astronomi (lsa)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adalah sudut antara arah kemana kita melihat benda angkasa dan arah sebenarnya, dimana ia berada. Sinar cahaya benda angkasa, apabila mencapai selubung udara (atsmosfir), dibiaskan kearah normal. Karena kepekatan udara mengikuti sebuah garis lengkung dan bukanya garis patah. Si penelik akan melihat benda angkasa dalam arah garis singgung dari mata pada garis lengkung tersebut. Jadi kita melihat benda angkasa selalu tinggi. Jadi nilai lsa harus selalu dikurangkan dari tinggi yang diukur.<o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaWzfmRe-nUJvanRPaLS10H9UZIi-GydS8r2UqJrFQOUEAZ5uxuGjx-szORSJJLg1Bd2LBdLUdIYNMkXhegPXmoDTw4hai8dmDbH0kfQ4d4BN1cgOuEOG7OrD7PGmsWXlBfIT_umpyS_9n/s1600/Untitled-3.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="247" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiaWzfmRe-nUJvanRPaLS10H9UZIi-GydS8r2UqJrFQOUEAZ5uxuGjx-szORSJJLg1Bd2LBdLUdIYNMkXhegPXmoDTw4hai8dmDbH0kfQ4d4BN1cgOuEOG7OrD7PGmsWXlBfIT_umpyS_9n/s400/Untitled-3.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: small; line-height: 24px;">Gambar.. Lengkung sinar astronomi</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><br /></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Mengenai lsa perlu diketahui hal-hal berikut :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Nilai lsa untuk berbagai tinggi telah ditentukan secara penilikan<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Untuk tinggi-tinggi > 30⁰ ia adalah sebanding dengan 60”.Cotg. t. Untuk benda angkasa di titik puncak : lsa = 0, dicakrawala setempat = 36’ (maks)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lsa tergantung dari pada :<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tinggi setempat maya<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Suhu udara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 3.0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">      </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Tekanan udara<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Daftar 19 memberikan lsa rata-rata, untuk suhu 10⁰ C dan tekanan udara 1016 mb (762 mm)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 63.8pt; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span><!--[endif]--><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Daftar 20 dan 21 memberikan koreksi yang harus dijabarkan dengan tandanya pada lsa rata-rata, jika suhu dan tekanan udara menyimpang dari 10⁰ C 1016 mb. (762 mm). Koreksi – koreksi ini adalah penting, terutama untuk tinggi-tinggi yang kecil (< 10⁰)<o:p></o:p></span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.0pt list 42.6pt left dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><!--[if !supportLists]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">     </span></span></span></b><!--[endif]--><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Lengkung Sinar Bumiawi (Refraksi Bumiawi)<o:p></o:p></span></b></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;">Adalah sudut antara arah kemana kita melihat benda bumi dan arah sebenarnya dimana ia berada. Dalam keadaan umum, refraksi bumiawi adalah sebanding dengan jarak busur dari sipenilik ke benda tersebut. Adanya refraksi bumiawi menyebabkan bahwa kita dapat melihat titik-titik dibumi yang lebih jauh dari pada titik singgung pada bumi, garis singgung mana ditarik dari mata si penilik.<o:p></o:p></span></div><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgALMWo4-rsefSHKcmjmEi0pLZ7_IGdy0FAE9lge7XlpS0s6fQr6SadadNK8JedqOfGQ0GvCBmeS-8a16Ia30rRXahrRHcwctYjFZFQO5q9K1VFSQCHr82ZsHwfuk1mO4-Vz6aIUXLU9I8O/s1600/Untitled-4.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="173" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgALMWo4-rsefSHKcmjmEi0pLZ7_IGdy0FAE9lge7XlpS0s6fQr6SadadNK8JedqOfGQ0GvCBmeS-8a16Ia30rRXahrRHcwctYjFZFQO5q9K1VFSQCHr82ZsHwfuk1mO4-Vz6aIUXLU9I8O/s400/Untitled-4.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 16px;">Gambar.4. Lengkung Sinar Bumiawi</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><br /></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 42.6pt; tab-stops: 21.0pt dotted 396.0pt blank 414.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-ansi-language: SV;"><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shape id="_x0000_s1026" type="#_x0000_t75" style='width:392.95pt;height:184.5pt; mso-position-horizontal-relative:char;mso-position-vertical-relative:line'> <v:imagedata src="file:///D:\DOCUME~1\ZOELL\LOCALS~1\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.jpg" o:title="HITUNG PELAYARAN10" croptop="38949f" cropbottom="2501f" cropleft="6710f" cropright="3802f"/> <w:wrap type="none"/> <w:anchorlock/></v:shape><![endif]--><!--[if !vml]--><!--[endif]--><o:p></o:p></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;">Sumber:</span><br /><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"></span><br /><div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">PENULIS <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">      </span>: MULDAN MARTIN, A.Pi<o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div><span class="Apple-style-span" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif;"> <div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 99.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;">EDITOR <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;">        </span>: IRWAN KURNIAWAN, S.St.Pi<o:p></o:p></span></b></div></span></div>

ASTRONOMI- LENGKUNG SINAR

a.     Bias atau RefraksiIni adalah perubahan arah yang dialami oleh sinar cahaya yang berpindah ke udara yang kepekatan optiknya lebih besar ataupun lebih kecil. Hukum –  hukum bias dari snellius :1.…

Read more »

ASTRONOMI- PERBAIKAN TINGGI

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><div style="text-align: justify;">Perbaikan tinggi dilakukan untuk menjabarkan tinggi yang diukur hingga menjadi tinggi pusat sejati. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><b>Definisi </b></div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ol><li>Tinggi sejati adalah busur lingkaran tegak yang melalui benda angkasa, antara cakrawal sejati dan titik pusat benda angkasa. </li><li>Tinggi yang ukur adalah tinggi yang dibaca pada pesawat sektan, diperbaiki dengan koreksi indeks dan kesalahan kaca berwarna atau sama dengan sudut antara tepi langit maya dan benda angkasa yang terlihat. </li><li>Tepi langit sejati adalah irisan angkasa dengan bidang kerucut, yang dilkukiskan oleh garis singgung pada bumi dari mata sipenilik. </li><li>Tepi langit maya adalah batas bagian permukaan bumi yang masih terlihat bagi si penilik (dilaut : singgungan maya dari air dan udara) </li><li>Cakrawala setempat adalah bidang melalui mata sipenelik, sejajar dengan cakrawala sejati. </li><li>Cakrawala sejati adalah irisan angkasa dengan bidang yang melalui titik pusat angkasa, tegak lurus pada normal si penilik. </li><li>Penundukan tepi langit sejati adalah sudut antara arah tepi langit sejati dan cakrawala setempat </li><li>Penundukan tepi langit maya adalah sudut antara arah tepi langit maya dan cakrawala setempat </li><li>Tinggi mata adalah tinggi mata si penilik di atas permukaan laut. </li></ol><table align="center" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; text-align: center;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio-UcBPb85qMULJbjhQEASFBudylFxp1H5ofa0iLY0WAJETwI87z0UpnINLZVVxlXd-feNwWc9oJMum5uT9hasy1ki6QBtrK5dA6gj7tPv8XA4qkxsdo1NJCpNNE-2DLZJLiQ78pkn6vby/s1600/Untitled-1.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" height="251" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEio-UcBPb85qMULJbjhQEASFBudylFxp1H5ofa0iLY0WAJETwI87z0UpnINLZVVxlXd-feNwWc9oJMum5uT9hasy1ki6QBtrK5dA6gj7tPv8XA4qkxsdo1NJCpNNE-2DLZJLiQ78pkn6vby/s400/Untitled-1.jpg" width="400" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;"><span lang="IT" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IT; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "MS Mincho"; mso-fareast-language: JA;">Tinggi mata si penilik diatas permukaan laut</span></td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><b>Koreksi yang diperlukan : </b><br /><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ol><li>Koreksi untuk pesawat (KI) </li><li>Koreksi untuk penundukan tepi langit maya (ptm) </li><li>Koreksi untuk lengkung sinar astronomi (lsa) </li><li>Koreksi untuk paralak dalam tinggi (par) </li><li>Koreksi untuk ½ garis menengah benda angkasa (1/2 m) </li></ol><b>Mengapa diperlukan perbaikan :</b><br /><div style="text-align: justify;">Ini diperlukan karena alasan – alasan sebagai berikut : </div><div style="text-align: justify;"></div><ol><li>Tingginya ditentukan dengan sektan yang pada umumnya memiliki kesalahan dalam penunjukannya. </li><li>Sinar cahaya yang datang dari tepi langit harus menempuh jalan di lapisan terbawah dari udara (ptm) </li><li>Sinar yang datang dari benda angkasa harus juga menempuh lapisan udara, sebelum tiba di mata si penilik (lsa) </li><li>Mata si penilik tidak berada dipusat bumi, sedangkan tingi sejati dihitung terhadap titik pusat tersebut sebagai sudut titik pusat (par) </li><li>Kita mengukur tinggi matahari dan bulan bukannya tinggi titik pusatnya, tetapi hanya tinggi tepi bawah atau tepi ataasnya. </li></ol><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div>Sumber:<br /><div style="text-align: justify;">PENULIS    : MULDAN MARTIN, A.Pi </div><div style="text-align: justify;">EDITOR      : IRWAN KURNIAWAN, S.St.Pi</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>

ASTRONOMI- PERBAIKAN TINGGI

Perbaikan tinggi dilakukan untuk menjabarkan tinggi yang diukur hingga menjadi tinggi pusat sejati. Definisi Tinggi sejati adalah busur lingkaran tegak yang melalui benda angkasa, antara cakrawal sej…

Read more »

ALASAN NAUTIKA PELAYARAN MEMPELAJARI ASTRONOMI

<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on"><table cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="tr-caption-container" style="float: left; margin-right: 1em; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><td style="text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1E4dB-7-lKdyeXbKcAlCQ-cYvqKsgzKSiK4JaON5WNYykuuvvhZXkI2XFrcZbwNqS4Z9WRFVNcXC8ooJ3OPYPqtZdz-AIF3CtokNmg3q4OwMso8bqPuahomoNxhxajzrM0knZVtqC39MG/s1600/astronpmi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="clear: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto;"><img border="0" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg1E4dB-7-lKdyeXbKcAlCQ-cYvqKsgzKSiK4JaON5WNYykuuvvhZXkI2XFrcZbwNqS4Z9WRFVNcXC8ooJ3OPYPqtZdz-AIF3CtokNmg3q4OwMso8bqPuahomoNxhxajzrM0knZVtqC39MG/s1600/astronpmi.jpg" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="tr-caption" style="text-align: center;">Sumber gambar:<br />Modul PJJ Astronomi</td></tr></tbody></table><div style="text-align: justify;">Astronomi ialah cabang ilmu alam yang melibatkan pengamatan benda-benda langit (seperti halnya bintang, planet, komet, nebula, gugus bintang, atau galaksi) serta fenomena-fenomena alam yang terjadi di luar atmosfer Bumi (misalnya radiasi latar belakang kosmik (radiasi CMB)). Ilmu ini secara pokok mempelajari berbagai sisi dari benda-benda langit — seperti asal-usul, sifat fisika/kimia, meteorologi, dan gerak — dan bagaimana pengetahuan akan benda-benda tersebut menjelaskan pembentukan dan perkembangan alam semesta (wikipedia).</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Dalam <a href="http://perikanan-tangkap.blogspot.com/search/label/Bahan%20Ajar%20NPL" target="_blank">pelayaran</a> kita tidak mesti dapat memprediksi kondisi pelayaran sesuai yang kita rencanakan terlebih peralatan keselamatan yang sumber energinya dari listrik, akan tetapi andaikata terjadi kerusakan pada alat navigasi maka penggunaan posisi dengan cara konvensional sangat diperlukan. Salah satu penyebab kesalahan penentuan posisi kapal di laut ,baik yang terjadi di laut lepas maupun di pantai adalah peranan dari para awak kapal yang tidak memperhatikan astronomi sehingga dapat terjadi salah duga yang akhirnya menyebabkan pelayaran tidak efisien bahkan menimbulkan kecelakaan fatal seperti <a href="http://perikanan-tangkap.blogspot.com/search/label/Kapal" target="_blank">kapal</a> kandas, salah tujuan dan tubrukan akbitnya menyebabkan membahayakan nyawa manusia bahkan dirinya sendiri.</div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div><div style="text-align: justify;">Sedemikian pentingnya pengetahuan ilmu astronomi untuk keselamatan pelayaran, maka setiap awak kapal yang bersangkutan bahkan calon awak kapal harus dibekali dengan seperangkat pengetahuan dan keterampilan dalam menentukan posisi dengan bantuan ilmu astronomi. Sehingga keselamatan dan kenyamanan pelayaran dapat dicapai. </div><div style="text-align: justify;"><br /></div></div>

ALASAN NAUTIKA PELAYARAN MEMPELAJARI ASTRONOMI

Sumber gambar:Modul PJJ AstronomiAstronomi ialah cabang ilmu alam yang melibatkan pengamatan benda-benda langit (seperti halnya bintang, planet, komet, nebula, gugus bintang, atau galaksi) serta fenom…

Read more »